Sleeping Pills and Side Effects: What You Need to Know

A good night’s sleep is essential for overall health and well-being, yet millions of people in the UK struggle with sleep disorders.

According to the NHS, around one in three people suffer from insomnia, with many turning to sleeping pills for relief. While these medications can be effective in the short term, they come with potential side effects and risks that should not be overlooked.

This guide explores the different types of sleeping pills available in the UK, their potential benefits, side effects, and safer alternatives to help improve sleep quality.

One in three people in the UK struggle with sleep disorders

What Are Sleeping Pills?

Sleeping pills, also known as hypnotics or sedatives, are medications used to help individuals fall asleep or stay asleep. They are typically prescribed for short-term use to treat insomnia or other sleep disturbances. These medications affect the brain’s neurotransmitters to induce drowsiness and promote sleep.

In the UK, the most common types of sleeping pills include benzodiazepines like temazepam and diazepam, Z-drugs such as zopiclone and zolpidem, melatonin-based treatments like Circadin, and antihistamines such as diphenhydramine. Some antidepressants, including trazodone, are also used off-label for their sedative effects.

Common Side Effects of Sleeping Pills

While sleeping pills can be effective in treating insomnia, they come with potential side effects. The NHS warns that the risks often outweigh the benefits when these drugs are used long-term. The most common side effects include daytime drowsiness, which can impair concentration and increase the risk of accidents, dizziness that may lead to balance issues, memory problems like temporary amnesia, and gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and constipation.

Additionally, headaches, sleepwalking, and unusual behaviors like sleep-eating or sleep-driving have been reported, particularly with Z-drugs like zolpidem. A metallic taste in the mouth is also a frequent complaint among those taking zopiclone. For more details on specific medications and their side effects, refer to the NHS resources on zopiclone and zolpidem.

Serious Risks of Sleeping Pills

Beyond the common side effects, there are more serious risks associated with sleeping pills, especially when taken long-term. Dependence and withdrawal are major concerns, particularly with benzodiazepines and Z-drugs. Regular use can lead to physical dependence, and stopping suddenly may trigger withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, sweating, shaking, and rebound insomnia that is worse than the original condition. Another serious risk is respiratory depression, where slowed breathing can be life-threatening, especially when sleeping pills are combined with alcohol or opioids.

In older adults, sleeping pills increase the likelihood of falls and fractures, leading to hospitalisation. There is also growing evidence that long-term use of benzodiazepines may contribute to cognitive decline and increase the risk of dementia. Some studies have even linked sleeping pills to a higher incidence of depression and suicidal thoughts. More information on these risks can be found on the NHS page on sleeping pills and sedatives.

How Long Can You Take Sleeping Pills?

The NHS recommends that sleeping pills should only be used for a short period, typically no more than four weeks. Prolonged use not only increases the risk of dependence but can also reduce the medication’s effectiveness as the body builds tolerance. If you have been taking sleeping pills for an extended period, speak to your doctor about a gradual reduction plan to avoid withdrawal symptoms. The NHS also suggests that long-term sleep problems are best managed with non-drug treatments, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I).

Are Sleeping Pills Safe?

When used correctly and for short periods, sleeping pills can be safe under medical supervision. However, the risks increase with prolonged use, high doses, or combining them with other depressants. The NHS advises that people with a history of substance abuse or respiratory conditions should be particularly cautious when considering sleep medication.

Additionally, certain medications, such as benzodiazepines, should be avoided in elderly patients due to their increased risk of falls and cognitive impairment. If you are concerned about the safety of a prescribed sleeping pill, consult your GP or pharmacist for guidance.

Safer Alternatives to Sleeping Pills

If you struggle with sleep, consider safer alternatives that can help improve sleep quality without the risks associated with medication. The NHS recommends Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) as the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia, as it helps change negative thought patterns about sleep. Improving sleep hygiene is another crucial step—maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, reducing screen time before bed, and keeping your bedroom cool and dark can all contribute to better rest.

Relaxation techniques such as meditation and deep breathing can also help prepare the body for sleep, while regular exercise, particularly in the morning, has been shown to improve sleep quality over time. Dietary adjustments, such as avoiding caffeine and heavy meals before bedtime, and drinking herbal teas like chamomile, may also be beneficial. Some people find melatonin supplements helpful, but they should be used cautiously and only under medical supervision. For more information, visit the NHS’s sleeping well guide.

When to See a Doctor

If you experience persistent insomnia lasting more than four weeks, severe daytime drowsiness that impacts your daily life, unusual sleep behaviours such as sleepwalking, or a dependence on sleeping pills, it’s essential to seek medical advice. A

GP can assess your condition and recommend appropriate treatments, including non-medication strategies or alternative medications with fewer risks. The NHS provides a wealth of resources on sleep disorders and treatments, which you can explore here.

Conclusion

While sleeping pills can provide short-term relief from insomnia, they come with significant risks and side effects, including dependence, cognitive impairment, and daytime drowsiness. The NHS advises that they should be used as a last resort and only for short periods.

If you struggle with sleep, consider CBT-I, lifestyle changes, and relaxation techniques before turning to medication. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting or stopping any sleep medication.

For further reading, visit the NHS’s guide on sleeping pills and sedatives.